三峡库区近50年来的气温变化趋势

利用三峡库区及周边32个气象站点1960～2006年的气温资料,运用线性趋势分析、累积距平分析和t检验等统计学方法研究了三峡库区近50a来的气温变化趋势。研究结果表明:(1)近50a来三峡库区气温变化总体上呈显著上升趋势,增温率为0.13℃/10a;其中1960’s～1980’s末存在一个缓慢降温过程,1980’s末后快速增温。(2)三峡库区各季节平均气温变化过程与年气温变化过程相似,总体上也呈上升趋势,春、夏、秋、冬四季平均气温增温率分别为0.10、0.005、0.19和0.21℃/10a,其中冬季气温上升对库区年平均气温上升的贡献率最大。(3)年均气温跃变出现在1996年,春、夏、秋、冬四季气温跃变点分别出现在1996、1993、1997、1996年,季节气温的跃变与年均气温跃变具有较好的同步性。(4)三峡库区偏暖和显著偏暖年份都发生在1996年以后,其中1998和2006年为异常偏暖年份;偏冷年份基本出现在1990’s以前,尤其集中在1980’s,但无显著偏冷和异常偏冷年份。     

Time trends of perfluorinated compounds from the sediment core of Tokyo Bay, Japan (1950s-2004)

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were detected in sediment core samples collected in Tokyo Bay to reveal their time trends. The core sample deposited during 1950s-2004 was divided into two- to three-year intervals and the concentrations of 24 types of PFCs were determined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) decreased gradually from the early 1990s and its precursor decreased rapidly in the late 1990s, whereas perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased rapidly. The observed trends were regarded as a reflection of the shift from perfluorooctyl sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)-based products to telomer-based products after the phaseout of PFOSF-based products in 2001. The branched isomers of perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were detected in the sample with its ratio of linear-isomer/branched-isomer concentrations decreasing. In this study, we revealed that the sediment core can serve as a tool for reconstructing the past pollution trend of PFCs and can provide interesting evidence concerning their environmental dynamics and time trend.     

Positive vs. false detection: A comparison of analytical methods and performance for analysis of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in environmental samples from remote regions

Contamination and analytical variation can significantly hinder trace analysis of cyclic methyl volatile siloxanes (cVMS); potentially resulting in the report of false positives at concentrations approaching detection limits. To assess detection and variation associated with trace cVMS analysis in environmental matrices, a co-operative laboratory comparison for the analysis of octametylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcylcopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecametylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in sediment and biota from the Svalbard Archipelago was conducted. Two definitions of detection limits were evaluated in this study; method detection limits (MDL, matrix defined) and limits of detection (LOD, solvent defined). D5 was the only cVMS detected above both LOD (0.08–0.81 ng g⁻¹ ww) and MDL (0.47–2.36 ng g⁻¹ ww) within sediment by all laboratories where concentrations ranged from 0.55 to 3.91 ng g⁻¹ ww. The percentage of positive detects for D5 decreased by 80% when MDL was defined as the detection limit. D5 was also detected at the highest frequency among all laboratories in fish liver with concentrations ranging from 0.72 to 345 ng g⁻¹ ww. Similar to sediment, percentage of positive detects for D5 decreased by 60% across all laboratories for fish livers when using MDL (0.68–3.49 ng g⁻¹ ww). Similar observations were seen with both D4 and D6, indicating that sample matrix significantly contributes to analytical response variation. Despite differences in analytical methods used between laboratories, good agreement was obtained when using MDL to define detection limits. This study shows the importance of incorporating variation introduced by sample matrices into detection limit calculations to insure data accuracy of cVMS at low concentrations.     

我国工伤事故死亡率分析及其ARIMA预测

对我国工伤事故死亡率的历史数据进行分析,介绍ARIMA模型预测法。根据统计学理论,运用ARIMA模型,借助相关软件预测我国工伤事故死亡率,可知未来几年,工伤事故的千人死亡率总体上呈逐年下降的趋势;与移动平均法、指数平滑法预测结果作比较,可知ARIMA模型预测效果最佳;同时,由于影响工伤事故的因素很多,与长期预测相比,ARIMA模型更适合于对工伤事故死亡率作短期预测。     

饮用水质安全保障的研究与技术发展趋势:Ⅱ.基于微界面过程的水质净化技术

非均相介质体系下的复杂界面是污染物赋存与水质净化过程的载体,微界面反应过程是强化水质净化过程的手段与途径。设计构建针对不同污染物与净化目标的高效界面,阐明基于微界面过程的水质转化与净化机制,建立微界面水质净化过程调控方法,是饮用水质安全保障研究的重要内容。本文从非均相体系下微界面水质过程调控、微界面尺度物质相互作用强化、特殊功能的高效界面构建、非稳态条件下界面反应抑制等角度,综合论述了微界面水质过程调控、强化与控制的重要科学问题与饮用水质净化技术方向。     

采煤沉陷区耕地土壤微生物数量及酶活性的空间特征

通过野外调查和采样分析,研究了焦作矿区韩王矿沉陷区不同沉陷部位和不同深度耕地的土壤微生物数量及酶活性特征。研究结果表明:与对照区比较,沉陷区耕地土壤微生物数量、酶活性赋存特征及微生物类群组成比例发生了明显变化。沉陷区表层(0~5 cm)、上层(5~10 cm)、中层(10~20 cm)土壤微生物总数、细菌数量均明显减少,而下层(20~40 cm)土壤微生物总数、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均明显升高。沉陷区表层、上层土壤细菌数量所占微生物总数比例分别降低了20.64%和13.17%,而放线菌数量所占比例分别升高了20.69%和12.66%。沉陷区表层土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别降低了1.5%、17.5%、22.0%、35.3%、20.4%和5.4%。不同沉陷部位的土壤微生物数量及部分酶活性指标空间异质性显著(p0.05)。沉陷区土壤真菌、放线菌数量、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性较对照区均具有不同的垂向分布特征。表明采煤引发的地表沉陷使耕地土壤微生物数量及酶活性在水平和垂直方向上均发生了显著变化,而这些变化是导致沉陷区耕地退化、生产力降低的重要原因。     

Adaptation to osmotic stress provides protection against ammonium nitrate in Pelophylax perezi embryos

The negative effects of pollution on amphibians are especially high when animals are additionally stressed by other environmental factors such as water salinity. However, the stress provoked by salinity may vary among populations because of adaptation processes. We tested the combined effect of a common fertilizer, ammonium nitrate (0-90.3 mg N-NO₃NH₄/L), and water salinity (0-2‰) on embryos of two Pelophylax perezi populations from ponds with different salinity concentrations. Embryos exposed to the fertilizer were up to 17% smaller than controls. Survival rates of embryos exposed to a single stressor were always below 10%. The exposure to both stressors concurrently increased mortality rate (>95%) of embryos from freshwater. Since the fertilizer was lethal only when individuals were stressed by the salinity, it did not cause lethal effects on embryos naturally adapted to saline environments. Our results underscore the importance of testing multiple stressors when analyzing amphibian sensitivity to environmental pollution.     

甲醛捕捉剂的研究热点和发展方向

简要介绍了人造板及其他工业产品中甲醛的来源及其对人体健康的危害,综述了甲醛捕捉剂的种类、应用、施加方式及研究现状,并对以后的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

Degradation of cyprodinil,fludioxonil, cyfluthrin and pymetrozine on lettuce after different application methods

Degradation of two fungicides (cyprodinil and fludioxonil) and two insecticides (cyfluthrin and pymetrozine) applied on iceberg and romaine lettuce under field conditions with different methods (portable mistblower and chemigation) was studied field data showed that both distribution methods and lettuce cultivar affect the degradation trends of examined pesticides. In these trials the residues of all active ingredients after pre-harvest time were less than fifty's maximum residue levels; the values in the romaine cultivar were generally higher than those in iceberg lettuce. After pre-harvest time residues of pesticides applied on romaine lettuce by portable motor sprayer were always higher than those obtained by the chemigation system.     

Distribution and change of DDT and HCH levels in oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) from coast of Guangdong,China between 2003 and 2007

This investigation was undertaken to understand the temporal trend, the spatial distribution and the residue level of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) in bivalves from the coast of the South China in recent years. Jinjiang oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) were sampled from 15 bays along the coast of Guangdong province, China between 2003 and 2007. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector was used to quantify the contents of HCH isomers (α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCH), DDT isomers (p,p′-, o,p′-DDT), p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE in the oyster tissues. The results demonstrate that annual level of DDTs in the tissue increase throughout the study, particularly between 2004 and 2006. The DDTs content in the tissue varied significantly among sampling regions and some sampling sites (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the HCHs content was significantly lower than DDTs content in the tissue (p < 0.01), and remain constant among sampling years, sampling regions and sampling sites (p > 0.10). Predominance of isomer form of DDTs and higher ratio of γ-HCH/HCHs at some sites indicated that recent input of DDT and lindane in the coastal waters of Guangdong, which might be caused by dicofol spraying in crop planting and lacquer painting on fisher boat. In the soft tissues of the oysters, the highest content of HCHs was 1.21 ng/g (wet weight), and DDTs levels ranged from 0.11 ng/g to 76.3 ng/g (wet weight), far below the Maximum Residual Limits in China and many developed nations.